Pocket maths: how to compute averages in your head
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Being able to do basic arithmetic calculations in your head is a great skill. Not because it is sexy but because it is useful in your daily life: it can help you check the change you are given when shopping, it can help you know if you will have enough money to pay for your groceries, it can help you estimate how much things cost after the discounts, etc...
This often reduces to being able to sum and subtract decently; sometimes you need to make a couple of small multiplications, but that is it.
More likely than not, you don't need to compute averages every day. But sometimes you just want the scoring average of your team for the past few games, or the average price per person of a given meal, or the average time you spent stuck in traffic this past week... And averages may appear nastier than simply adding or subtracting, because averages also require you to perform a division: in fact, you have to add all the numbers you want and then divide the total by how many numbers there were.
As an example, say I went to have a meal with three friends and we paid $7$, $8$, $10$ and $12$ euros for our meals. What was the average price? In school we learned to do $7+8+10+12 = 37$ and then $37/4 = 9.25$. Sure, this wasn't to bad if you are not afraid to do maths, but:
Does this look bad? Maybe it does, but this is actually quite decent. If you didn't want to do $-3/4$ in your head you could even notice that $3/4$ is greater than $1/2$ and so the average price for the meal was between $9$ and $9.5$...
As you use this "trick" a couple of times, you will get good at getting decent first guesses, which means you will get a very small final score, which means you will be able to get a very good estimation even if you can't make the final division in your head! What is more, the final division is usually easier than the division of the standard way to compute the average because the number you are dividing is much smaller.
As a little test, try computing the average of these grades: $13$, $15$, $15$, $13$, $14$, $16$, $13$, $15$. I just wrote them down so I will be doing this as I write; I am guessing $14$, which means the scores are $-1$,$1$,$1$,$-1$,$0$,$2$,$-1$,$1$ adding up to a grand total of $2$, that I shall divide by $8$. So $2/8 = 1/4 = 0.25$ and the actual average is $14.25$. Don't believe me? Use a calculator. Do you think I got lucky? Maybe. But so will you. What if there were $7$ numbers instead of $8$? Then $2/7$ would be a bit more than $0.25$ and below $0.33$ (because of $2/6=1/3$) and so the average would be around $14.3$. These estimations are often enough for you and many people will be impressed by how accurate you can be in such a short time... not because the calculations were extremely difficult but because people aren't expecting you to even try.
For the sake of completeness, and you don't have to read this if you don't want to, I will just include the "proof" that the method I described works. Let us call $s$ to my guess, $\bar{x}$ to the average and $x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_n$ to the numbers you want to average out. The number $x_i$ contributes with $x_i - s$ points to the score, so the total score $T$ of my guess is $$T = (x_1 - s) + (x_2 - s) + \cdots + (x_n - s) = x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_n - n\times s$$ which I then divide by $n$ and add to the guess $s$.
In one equation, my method gives $$ \begin{align}s + \frac{T}{n} &= s + \frac{x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_n - n\times s}{n} \\ &= s + \frac{x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_n}{n} - s\\ &= \frac{x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_n}{n} = \bar{x}\end{align}$$ which means my method isn't dark magic!
Please use the comment section below to share any mental maths tricks you know and/or use!
This often reduces to being able to sum and subtract decently; sometimes you need to make a couple of small multiplications, but that is it.
More likely than not, you don't need to compute averages every day. But sometimes you just want the scoring average of your team for the past few games, or the average price per person of a given meal, or the average time you spent stuck in traffic this past week... And averages may appear nastier than simply adding or subtracting, because averages also require you to perform a division: in fact, you have to add all the numbers you want and then divide the total by how many numbers there were.
As an example, say I went to have a meal with three friends and we paid $7$, $8$, $10$ and $12$ euros for our meals. What was the average price? In school we learned to do $7+8+10+12 = 37$ and then $37/4 = 9.25$. Sure, this wasn't to bad if you are not afraid to do maths, but:
- If you are good with mental maths, you can get to this result even faster;
- If you hate doing weird mental calculations, you can get to a nice estimation with little effort.
Does this look bad? Maybe it does, but this is actually quite decent. If you didn't want to do $-3/4$ in your head you could even notice that $3/4$ is greater than $1/2$ and so the average price for the meal was between $9$ and $9.5$...
As you use this "trick" a couple of times, you will get good at getting decent first guesses, which means you will get a very small final score, which means you will be able to get a very good estimation even if you can't make the final division in your head! What is more, the final division is usually easier than the division of the standard way to compute the average because the number you are dividing is much smaller.
As a little test, try computing the average of these grades: $13$, $15$, $15$, $13$, $14$, $16$, $13$, $15$. I just wrote them down so I will be doing this as I write; I am guessing $14$, which means the scores are $-1$,$1$,$1$,$-1$,$0$,$2$,$-1$,$1$ adding up to a grand total of $2$, that I shall divide by $8$. So $2/8 = 1/4 = 0.25$ and the actual average is $14.25$. Don't believe me? Use a calculator. Do you think I got lucky? Maybe. But so will you. What if there were $7$ numbers instead of $8$? Then $2/7$ would be a bit more than $0.25$ and below $0.33$ (because of $2/6=1/3$) and so the average would be around $14.3$. These estimations are often enough for you and many people will be impressed by how accurate you can be in such a short time... not because the calculations were extremely difficult but because people aren't expecting you to even try.
For the sake of completeness, and you don't have to read this if you don't want to, I will just include the "proof" that the method I described works. Let us call $s$ to my guess, $\bar{x}$ to the average and $x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_n$ to the numbers you want to average out. The number $x_i$ contributes with $x_i - s$ points to the score, so the total score $T$ of my guess is $$T = (x_1 - s) + (x_2 - s) + \cdots + (x_n - s) = x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_n - n\times s$$ which I then divide by $n$ and add to the guess $s$.
In one equation, my method gives $$ \begin{align}s + \frac{T}{n} &= s + \frac{x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_n - n\times s}{n} \\ &= s + \frac{x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_n}{n} - s\\ &= \frac{x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_n}{n} = \bar{x}\end{align}$$ which means my method isn't dark magic!
Please use the comment section below to share any mental maths tricks you know and/or use!
- RGS